Plant Genomics and Plant Science

Future improvements of crop plants will benefit from the isolation and characterization of genes that underlie both simply-inherited and polygenically-controlled traits. The molecular isolation of economically important plant genes has been facilitated by the construction and application of genetic maps, transposon-based gene tagging, protein-protein interaction cloning, and the development and analysis of large collections of DNA sequences.

Plant breeding is concerned with developing varieties superior to existing ones. It can be defined as a science, an art and a technology which deals with genetic improvement of crop plants in relation to their economic use for mankind. In earlier days the extent of plant breeding as an art and as a science was much disputed Early Ln was a nomad and dependent for his food on the forest products.

The complex and different responses of plants to nanoparticles, the signal transduction mechanisms involved, and the regulation of DNA expression. Nanoparticles have received much response because of the unique physio-chemical properties of these compounds. Nanotechnology also play an important role in agriculture as compound fertilizers and minute-pesticides, acting as chemical delivery agents that target molecules to specific cellular organelles in plants.

Plant Proteomics is concerned with the entire complement of proteins of plants including the modifications made to a particular set of proteins. Proteomics is an in depth study of a specific proteome, including information on protein and its modifications and variations. Proteomics works with the interacting partners and members associated with it in a sequential network.

Plant Sciences is the study of plant growth, reproduction, evolution, and adaptation, as well as the use of plants for food, fiber, and ornamental purposes. While students majoring in Plant Sciences necessarily share a common enthusiasm for plants, the variety of available courses and research opportunities encourages a great diversity of individual interests and career paths. Plant Sciences students gain the expertise necessary to advance research in and address many local, regional, and global challenges.

Plant signaling is the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment to adjust their morphology, physiology and phenotype accordingly. Other subdivisions such as plant physiology, ecology and molecular biology are utilized to analyze the abilities of the plant. Plants react to chemicals, gravity, light, moisture, infections, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, parasite infestation, disease, physical disruption, sound and touch.

Plant Pathology is defined as the study of diseases in plant that cause by the pathogens, the mechanisms by which this occurs, the interactions between these causal agents and the plant and the methods of managing or controlling plant disease. It also interfaces knowledge from other scientific fields such as mycology, microbiology, virology, biochemistry, bio-informatics, etc. Plant Diseases caused by plant pathogens like fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, parasitic flowering plants, abiotic factors of the environment including light, temperature, and atmospheric gases. Plant disease is mainly defined in terms of the damage caused to the plant or to its organ.

Biochemistry of plants basically deals with the molecular mechanisms or pathways that are carried out in a plant cell. It involves photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolic pathways. It deals with food formation, translocation from source to sink, all comes under plant biochemistry. All the essential metabolic pathways in a plant cell are based upon interaction between biological and chemical molecules in a cell.

Physiology has been defined as ‘the science of the normal functions and phenomena of living things’. From the foregoing, plant physiology can be described as that aspect of study that deals with the functioning of plants both microscopically and macroscopically. Plants cells have cell walls that are rigid and thus restrict their shape as opposed to animal cells that have both cell walls and cell membranes.

Crop improvement refers to the genetic alteration of plants to satisfy human needs. In prehistory, human forebears in various parts of the world brought into cultivation a few hundred species from the hundreds of thousands available. In the process they transformed elements of these species into crops though genetic alterations that involved conscious and unconscious selection, the differential reproduction of variants. Through a long history of trial and error, a relatively few plant species have become the mainstay of agriculture and thus the world's food supply.

Plant viruses are wide spread and economically important plant pathogens. The morphology, genome structure, reproduction strategy of different types of plant viruses, which together form the basis of virus classification. Plant viruses consist of a nucleoprotein in that multiplies only in the living cells of a host .The presence of viruses in host cells often results in disease, 400 or more viruses are known to attack plants. Viruses are generally specific, what infects aqueous plant does not cause disease in animal.

Plant cells can be grown in isolation from intact plants in tissue culture systems. The cells have the characteristics of callus cells, rather than other plant cell types. These are the cells that appear on cut surfaces when a plant is wounded and which gradually cover and seal the damaged area .Tissue culture cells generally lack the distinctive features of most plant cells. Plant tissue cultures can be initiated from almost any part of a plant. The physiological state of the plant does have an influence on its response to attempts to initiate tissue culture. The source, termed explant, may be dictated by the reason for carrying out the tissue culture. Some of societies associated with Plant Tissue Culture includes, Different types of plants garden plants, evergreen plants, house plants, shade plants.

Plant Genomics researchers have readily embraced new algorithms, technologies and approaches to generate genome, transcriptgenome and epigenome datasets for model and crop species that have permitted deep inferences into plant biology. When a species’ reference genome is available, whole-genome resequencing is an efficient approach for discovering genes, SNPs, and structural variants, while simultaneously determining genotypes. Information from these studies will fill in the gaps that exist in the genetic maps of many plant species, improving plant breeding and selection, and enabling definitive comparative genomic analyses within and across species

Seed genomics, from fundamental seed science to handy applications in harvest science, gives a careful foundation comprehension of seed science from an essential science viewpoint. The field to cover three general subjects genomic ways to deal with considering seeds, genomic examination of fundamental seed science, and product seed genomics. From essential seed science to down to earth applications in product science, gives a careful foundation comprehension of seed science from a fundamental science point of view

Botany is the science of plant life and a branch of biology that deals with the study of plants. Plants are a wide range of living organisms from the tiniest organisms to the mammoth living organisms. In general terms plants include algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants. Botany is the scientific discipline that works on observation, experimentation, recording, classification, and the testing of hypotheses, in a methodological manner.